What does namei -l prove?	It walks each path component and shows whether a parent directory blocks traversal.	topicladder software linux
What does the 'Read the whole path' step prove?	A failure can come from any parent directory, not just the final file. Check: namei -l shows every component.	topicladder software linux
What does the 'Check owner and group' step prove?	The file owner and group determine which permission bits apply. Check: stat shows owner, group, mode, and name.	topicladder software linux
What does the 'Match the service user' step prove?	A web server or service may not run as your login user. Check: systemctl show -p User can reveal service user config.	topicladder software linux
What does the 'Avoid recursive fixes' step prove?	Recursive chmod or chown can damage unrelated files. Check: Change only the proven broken component.	topicladder software linux
When would you use `namei -l /srv/www/site/current/index.html`?	Use it to walk path permissions. Expected signal: Each directory and file shows mode, owner, and group	topicladder software command
When would you use `stat -c '%A %U:%G %n' index.html`?	Use it to check owner and mode. Expected signal: A compact permission and owner line	topicladder software command
When would you use `ps -o user,comm -C nginx`?	Use it to check service process user. Expected signal: The account running nginx workers	topicladder software command